Introduction Environmental harm is by nature irreversible, with no amount of liability which can ever restore it. Yet, international criminal law has recently attempted to impose liability not just for the harm already caused but also for environmental harm that has not been completed yet. It is not new that international law typically waits for atrocity to be completed before imposing liability. However, contemporary debates are recently introducing the term “ecocide”as a pr

At the Trump–Xi summit in Beijing on 14 May 2026, Taiwan emerged as one of the most sensitive issues between the United States and China. According to China’s account of the meeting, Xi Jinping warned Donald Trump that Taiwan was the most important issue in the bilateral relationship and cautioned that mishandling it could lead to “clashes and even conflicts”. The U.S. account of the summit, however, focused far more on trade, energy, and the Strait of Hormuz. That difference

Climate change is increasingly shaping patterns of human mobility. In South Asia, Bangladesh is often cited as one of the countries most exposed to environmental risk, facing rising sea levels, cyclones, flooding, and land erosion. These pressures are already contributing to displacement and migration. While most movement remains internal, cross-border migration into India also occurs, raising important questions for international law. The concept of the “climate refugee” is

Introduction The urgent need to finance the green transition began to emerge on the European Union’s agenda following the signing of the Paris Agreement on climate change in 2016, which became the principal international reference point for the EU’s sustainable finance agenda (Alexander, 2023). Shortly after, in 2018, the European Commission published the Sustainable Finance Action Plan to support the EU's transformation to a sustainable economy by taking into consideration