Valentina Cerutti

Introduction After twenty-five years of heated negotiations, the European Union (EU) and the Mercosur countries have established a trade agreement. The Interim Trade Agreement (iTA) and the wider EU-Mercosur Partnership Agreement were signed on 17 January 2026. The agreement eliminates around 91% of tariffs on EU exports to Mercosur, comprising cars, machinery, and chemicals. At the same time it liberalises around 93% of Mercosur's exports to the EU, hence expanding access for beef, poultry,...

Introduction Environmental harm is by nature irreversible, with no amount of liability which can ever restore it. Yet, international criminal law has recently attempted to impose liability not just for the harm already caused but also for environmental harm that has not been completed yet. It is not new that international law typically waits for atrocity to be completed before imposing liability. However, contemporary debates are recently introducing the term “ecocide”as a preventative tool...

Introduction The urgent need to finance the green transition began to emerge on the European Union’s agenda following the signing of the Paris Agreement on climate change in 2016, which became the principal international reference point for the EU’s sustainable finance agenda (Alexander, 2023). Shortly after, in 2018, the European Commission published the Sustainable Finance Action Plan to support the EU's transformation to a sustainable economy by taking into consideration environmental,...